Seawater

RO desalting process requires a reliable and durable pre-treatment filtration with maximum

removal of suspended solids, turbidity, algae, bacteria, dissolved organics and TEP

Groundwater

Typically contaminated with heavy metals such as Fe and Mn which limits the use of conventional

sand filters

In special cases additionally contaminated with radioactive isotopes

Deep groundwater with water temperatures above 50 °C limits the use of conventional filtration

solutions based on polymeric membrane material

Surface water

Contaminations from sewage discharge lead to increased organic as well as heavy metal

contaminations

Typically removal of suspended solids, turbidity, algae, bacteria and dissolved organics

In some cases addionally contaminated with arsenic

Municipal sewage

Conventional sewage treatment plants very often unable to match regulations for direct discharge

to environment

Focus on reuse of treated sewage effluent as new water source either for irrigation and

landscaping or pre-treatment for RO for other industrial reuse purposes requires further

treatment of biologically treated water to remove bacteria, suspended solids and dissolved organics

Industrial sewage

Limited capability for biological treatment requires additional process steps for direct discharge to

environment

Very often contaminated with very high organic contents, oil and heavy metals

Industrial water

Produced water contains high concentrations of oil

Mining drainage water contaminated with heavy metals and carcinogenic toxins